Analysis Of John s Milton s Paradise Lost - 1636 Words

â€Å"...spirits bright/[...] whom my thoughts pursue/With wonder and could love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Milton 4.361-363). This is but one example of Satan’s sympathy toward humanity in Paradise Lost, John’s Milton’s epic poem that details Satan’s involvement in tempting Adam and Eve to rebel against God, and thus be punished with expulsion from the Garden of Eden. In both Christian and Jewish doctrines, Satan is often painted as a malevolent, treacherous being. Further, many readers often view Satan’s decision to tempt Adam and Eve in Paradise Lost as one that comes from a place of cruelty rather than concern. In this essay, I posit, however, that Milton’s Satan, can be read as a sympathetic figure who considers the best interests of humanity. The beginning†¦show more content†¦Many readers are quick to assume that Satan is an entirely hateful and evil being, yet this passage shows the range of Satan’s emotion. As Satan’s soliloquy continues, it seems to many readers as if Satan aims to make Adam and Eve miserable. However, as the reader continues through this soliloquy, Satan’s good intentions become more obvious when read closely: â€Å"Ah, gentle pair, ye little think how nigh/Your change approaches when all these delights/Will vanish and deliver ye to woe,/More woe the more your taste is now of joy!† (366-369). Satan is aware that his decision to tempt Adam and Eve will cause misery for them, especially due to the fact that the pair experiences nothing but pure bliss while living in the Garden of Eden. It is unsurprising that a reader would interpret this passage as Satan being ill-intentioned. With the knowledge of the fact that Adam and Eve are happy in Paradise, how could Satan be so heartless as to encourage the pair’s misdeeds that will lead to expulsion? This passage can be read as Satan having the intention to cause misery for Adam and Eve, but th ese statements should not be read as one of intention. Rather, Satan acknowledges that Adam and Eve’s loss of innocence will cause misery compared to their current state of blissful ignorance. In this moment, Satan sees his prior angel self in Adam and Eve’s innocence. This is the very definition of empathy. To live in God’sShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1852 Words   |  8 Pagesliterary merit. Do not merely summarize the plot. (2010 AP Literature and Composition) Disobedience and Exile an Analysis of Satan from Milton’s Paradise Lost John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost, has been the subject of criticism and interpretation through many years; these interpretations concur in that Adam and Eve are the sufferers of the poem, and it is their blight to lose Paradise because of their disobedience; however, their exile is merely a plight brought by Satan, and it is he who suffersRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost Essay2201 Words   |  9 PagesEve’s story arc in Paradise Lost, by John Milton, is a bildungsroman, the German word for a â€Å"novel of education.† Eve develops through the five stages of a typical bildungsroman character, as demonstrated by several different works from the genre. It will be useful to discuss several different bildungsromans from different eras and regions to fully determine the necessary characteristics of a bildungsroman, like The Odyssey, To Kill a Mockingbird, David Copperfield, Adventures of Huckleberry FinnRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s The Of Paradise Lost 1122 Words   |  5 Pageshumankind could be considered heroic according to well-known author John Milton. Book IX of Paradise lost portrays this sense of heroism through the sins of Adam and Eve, but also creates a sense of controversy through the unexpected personality swap between Satan and of God. This literary work is a major contribution to biblical and literary history; therefore a reason why this work is still read today. The poem must turn tragic, and Milton asserts his intention to show this great fall is more heroic thanRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1606 Words   |  7 PagesIn books one, two, four and nine of Paradise Lost, Milton portrays Satan as heroic, introducing freedom and reason to the minds and lives of humanity. Satan allows his subservient fallen angels, as well as Adam and eve to recognize authority, reason and the true meaning of freedom. The beginning of the story is told through Satan’s point of view, making him the first empathetic character the reader is introduced to. From the very beginning of Book One, Satan explains how him and other fellow angelsRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1499 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing, an epic hero if that being has done what is required. In John Milton’s, â€Å"Paradise Lost†, the character of Satan presents itself as an epic hero, Milton tests that the character of Satan forces the reader to consider the possibility that Satan may actually be a hero, or at the very least, a character worth seeing in a more complex light. This along with the following examples are all showing how the character of Satan in â€Å"Paradise lost†, can be view and is viewed as an epic hero thought the novelRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1071 Words   |  5 Pages Writing AP Exam Essays Advanced Placement English Literature Composition Name Juan Linares Major Work Data Page Paradise Lost Writer/Nationality John Milton/ UK 1608-1674 Theme/Meanings of the work as a whole Disobedience plays a key role in the unfolding of Milton’s poem. Satan disobeys God because God gave him free will, and causes Eve to disobey Adam, to disobey God. Justification of God. Death must happen to the world but because of the Son, DeathRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1035 Words   |  5 PagesSatan is the first figure to speak in Milton’s poems in Paradise Lost. His words to Beelzebub are the sort of utterances a politician would make to his party members after a defeat. It combines convincement with the virtue of emotional manipulation. Satan’s words shift like a dream from expression of grief and sympathy to the restatement of united defiance, to which Beelzebub replies unconsciously. Milton creates this shift so subtly that it is hardly noticed and highlights through this that theRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 869 Words   |  4 PagesIn his epic, Paradise Lost, Milton entertains the reader with his version of how one of the greatest falls of humanity occurred. Although many would consider God or Adam and Eve as the main characters in a story like this, the main character of this epic is truly Satan. Satan is shown as a strong and powerful character who is completely overwhelmed with emotions which create a type of hell in his mind; even when he is in heaven, he cannot escape his true life. Satan’s desire for vengeance on God’sRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost1442 Words   |  6 Pages(Name) (Instructor) (Course) (Date) Heroism in John Milton’s Paradise Lost There are many definitions of a hero, and establishing the hero in John Milton’s Paradise Lost has been object to scholarly debate. One definition of a hero is that by Aristotle, who defined a hero as a person who is divine and superhuman. However, other definitions encompass the aspect of virtue in heroism. Despite all the definitions for a hero, it remains factual that a hero would be someone that the readers would delightRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1253 Words   |  6 Pages Students often read John Milton’s works with great difficulty; he is determined to have his audience know his goals and how important his writing is through epic metaphors and masterful language. In Paradise Lost, he tells his audience that this will the epic to end all epics and that this is the most important tale of all mankind: the fall of Man. Comparatively, Alexander Pope used the same style of epic not to tell an important tale, but to question much of the life of ar istocracy in his time

Different Forms of Love in Romeo and Juliet - 1447 Words

In the early stages of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare conveys love in many different ways. Love is shown as being imperfect, such as bawdy love, unrequited love and fatherly and maternal love, this contrasts greatly to Romeo and Juliet’s pure, perfect and requited love, and makes it seem all the more true before it is shown to be deadly. At the very beginning of act1 scene 1, bawdy love is shown by two lower class characters, Sampson and Gregory, who don’t think of women as equal but think of love in a purely sexual way, this is shown when they say â€Å"therefore women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall.† This shows that they feel that because they are stronger than women, they have more power over them and so the woman can†¦show more content†¦This shows how something imperfect, like bawdiness, can nevertheless be mixed with a more pure type of love such as the maternal love, shown by the nurse. At the outset, when Capulet is talking about marriage proposals to Paris, he shows his fatherly love and concern for his daughter and her happiness. He doesn’t want to marry her off too early, or force her to marry someone that she doesn’t like. He conveys this by saying, â€Å"Earth hath swallowed all my hoped but she†¦ woo her gentle Paris, and her consent is but a part.† This shows that Capulet cares about Juliet because she is the only hope that he has left. He tells Paris to â€Å"woo her gently† and not to push, or pressurise Juliet into marrying him, this shows his concern about her. In addition to that, Capulet tells Paris that Juliet’s â€Å"consent is but a part† which shows his consideration and trust in Juliet, that she is allowed to have her say in the marriage and that he trusts her to choose the right husband. He also doesn’t want her to marry at such a young age; this is made clear when he says â€Å"let two more summers wither in their pride Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride.† By saying this, it is clear how much Capulet cherishes Juliet. He is risking a rich suitor, to let Juliet become more mature before she marries. By speaking in prose Shakespeare shows Capulet’s class and authority, nevertheless, it also shows the sincerity of his love for Juliet. However the nurse also shows the love of a parent, sheShow MoreRelatedTo Explore and Examine the Different Forms of Love Within Romeo and Juliet1908 Words   |  8 PagesRomeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare as a play for the theatre. William Shakespeare took his idea from an Italian folk story and is heavily influenced by sonnets which where developed by Francesco Petrarch an Italian poet. Shakespeare took most of his inspiration for Petrarch for demonstrating love with in the poem. William Shakespeare wrote most his plays with three main themes. These themes are gang warfare, Young love and a moral in the tale. William Shakespeare is now widelyRead MoreHow Does Shakespeare Portray Love in Romeo and Juliet?1638 Words   |  7 PagesIn Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays different aspects and types of love in many ways. The obvious love is the fateful love between Romeo and Juliet although the play also displays platonic love, maternal love and aspects of adolescent love. The first kind of love shown in the play is teenage love through Romeo. Montague tells us that Many a morning hath he (Romeo) been seen... adding to the clouds more clouds with his deep sighs. Romeo is often seen sighing showing that he is either depressedRead MoreDifferent Ideas of Love in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare1562 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Ideas of Love in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Love has existed in many forms throughout time. There is no better example of this then in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. In this tale when love is most apparent, the most crucial events occur to develop tragedy. The evident forms of love are Familial love, Fraternal love and Romantic love. Shakespeare portrays the love of Romeo and Juliet as 2 halves which when joined makeRead MoreHow Is Love Presented in Romeo and Juliet and Two Poems from the Shakespeare Literary Heritage1213 Words   |  5 PagesHow is Love presented in Romeo and Juliet and two poems from the Shakespeare Literary Heritage Love is presented in a variety of different ways in Romeo and Juliet and my chosen poems from the Literary Heritage: Stop All the Clocks and Sonnet 130. For instance, in Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare is attempting to challenge the tradition of courtly love that was prominent in the Elizabethan era. He is suggesting that the tradition of courtly love is artificial and essentially false. CourtlyRead MoreThe Different Types of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Different Types of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare has written many plays, especially a lot of tragedies. The most famous of all Shakespeares plays is Romeo and Juliet, enjoyed by different generations down the years. The majority of the play takes place in the attractive small city of Verona, in the north of Italy. The play has been adapted in books, ballet and films. Romeo and Juliet is a play about a young man and a young womanRead MoreRomeo and Juliet, Tragedy or Romance791 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet, Tragedy or Romance? What determines what a true love story is? Many events in Romeo and Juliet make the audience question whether or not they are truly in love or are just blinded by a false or not true version of a not so deep feeling. Romeo and Juliet is a famous love story but it stands out compared to other love stories. Romeo and Juliet continue to be a true love story to this day. They are married at a young age and differentiate from other love stories, it’s still consideredRead MoreThe Dramatic Significance of Act 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet1328 Words   |  6 PagesAct 1 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet This scene is very important to the whole play of Romeo and Juliet. Mainly because its where Romeo and Juliet first meet and fall in love, we also see tybalts anger which shows us the obstacles that will become a problem in Romeo and Juliets relationship. In a usual Shakespeare tragedy the main character that is noble of birth has a flow, which brings about their downfalls and death of others. Romeo and Juliet kind of fits inRead MoreDeath and Responsibility in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1075 Words   |  5 PagesResponsibility in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Death is an elusive concept that binds and connects a series of themes and issues that occur in Romeo and Juliet. To discuss whether Romeo and Juliet are responsible for their deaths, one must analyse various causes of this tragedy. This essay will explore the following reasons: family feuds, love, passion, and fate. First, it is important to understand the characters. Romeo we know is the only son and the mainRead More Comparing Different Types of Love in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1520 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Different Types of Love in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet The three different examples of love between Romeo and Juliet, Romeo and Rosaline and Paris and Juliet do share some similar aspects, but they also have their own differences. These three different types of love show us the variations of love and how it can mask itself into different forms. Romeos love for Rosaline. He was portrayed as a Petrarchan lover and his love was simply an infatuationRead MoreThe Representation of Love and Marriage in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet793 Words   |  4 PagesRepresentation of Love and Marriage in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In this essay I am going to examine love and marriage and the way it is presented in the play Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare is one of the most famous writers in British history. During Shakespeares time, attitudes to love and marriage were very different to the ways we are used to today. Love is presented as an intense and overwhelming force in the story and different forms of love are presented

Native son essay Free Essays

Native son essay Native Son is a book written by Richard Wright which takes place in the asses. The main character in the book is named Bigger Thomas. Bigger Thomas is a young black man living with his family in a small rat infested apartment in a world controlled by white people. We will write a custom essay sample on Native son essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bigger becomes employed as a driver by a rich white family, and after being made extremely uncomfortable and upset, he kills the daughter of the family. He is then forced to run from the police and has to kill his partner, Bessie. Bigger is caught and prosecuted by the police and experiences extreme racial prejudice urine his trial and is sentenced to death. During both his everyday life, and his trial, bigger is the victim of extreme racism. At the very beginning of the book, a large black rat is running around the Thomas family’s apartment. Bagger’s sister, Vera, is running around screaming while Bigger and his brother corner it and kill it. This foreshadows the Bagger’s later flight from the police. Bigger is running and running, but he is helpless to defend himself against the greater force that is the white people. He ends up cornered, captured, and eventually killed, Just like the rat. This seems to be a representation of Bagger’s entire life. After killing the rat, Bigger holds it up and scares his sister with it. Bagger’s dangling of the rat to scare his sister is similar to the media and court making an example of bigger. Richard Wright makes it seem like Bagger’s life is like a prison even before he is arrested. Atone point bigger says â€Å"Goddamned, look! We live here and they live there. We black and they white. They got things and we anti. They do things and we can’t. It’s Just like living’ in Wright) His entire life is dictated by white people, so he has basically no freedom. The crowded, rat-infested apartment he lives in is worse than a prison cell. While presenting his case to the court, Max even says that life in prison would be an upgrade for bigger because his living conditions were so poor. The results of Bagger’s trial were greatly affected by the fact that the Judge, jurors, and all of the rest of the court was made up of white people. Their racist views made his trial extremely unfair. During the trial, Max says â€Å"He is a black criminal, and as such he comes into this court under a handicap, notwithstanding our pretentious that are all equal before the law. â€Å"(Richard Wright 382) The trial seemed to take place only to satisfy the law rather than to really give Bigger a chance. In addition to this, the media made Bigger out to be a terrible monster and branded him guilty even before the trial. This media portrayal made the public hate Bigger even more until there was always an angry mob waiting to kill Bigger if he wasn’t sentenced to death by the court. Throughout the book, Bigger Thomas is ostracizes by the press. Even before he killed Mary Dalton, his life was like a prison. Bigger is always afraid of the white force that controls his life. During both his everyday life, and his trial, bigger is the victim of extreme racism and that ends up being the reason he dies. How to cite Native son essay, Essays

Architecture Thesis Essay Example For Students

Architecture Thesis Essay Aesthetics and architecture Urban design theory Culture and architecture Landscape architecture Architectural theory Vernacular architecture After choosing one particular subject of your architectural thesis, you will have to develop an architecture thesis topic. You will find a list of architecture thesis topic below. Architecture Thesis Topics These architecture thesis topics will enlighten and broaden your vision of architecture thesis topics. This list of architecture thesis topics contains: The Interaction of Reinforced Concrete Frames and Architectural Form Subjected to Earthquake Effects Design of a planar mechanism for external sun shading systems Analysis of Planar Bar Mechanisms in Architecture Instrumentalists of Natural Science for the Reconstruction of Architectural Knowledge Aesthetics and architecture Scheduling Problems in Architectural Design Process An Evaluation of Junction Details with Transparent Sheets in Furniture Design Determination of Place Concept in the Reproduction Process of Built Environment An Analytical Study of the Design Potentials in Kinetic Architecture Using Machine Learning Techniques for Early Cost Prediction of Structural Systems of Buildings Day lighting Evaluation in Office Buildings Construction of Time Conception in Architectural Realm: Siegfried Gideon and Space, Time and Architecture Architecture Thesis Outline This architecture thesis outline reveals that how you should structure your architectural thesis. Architecture thesis topics introduction Thesis statement Methodology chapter Research procedure explanation . Results evaluation Architecture thesis conclusion Architecture thesis bibliography Architecture Thesis Statement Sample It is a sample thesis statement to help you so that you can have a clear idea of how to write an architecture thesis statement. In various cities throughout the country there is an ever mounting amount of urban spread out in shape of commercial and retail growth. Huge retail chains are in search of the best openings to sell their commodities and services. As this countrys population grows, there is also a rise in housing need. Our suburban communities are rapidly turning into large towns and ultimately cities. There is a raise in required infrastructure, tax base, and growth. Regrettably, it seems that much of this development is leaving behind some of the original town centers and main streets. Small shopping centers are being replaced with large box stores and vast seas of pavement. Buildings that housed banks, gas stations, and the local barber shop are being left behind, surplus shells that are no longer pleasing to their paying guests. Recent years have shown great demand and interest in the recycling, conservation, and expansion of long unoccupied urban areas of internal city. Businesses, restaurants, and artists flock to these older buildings and areas to live, work, and play. This creates a space of vacated buildings and architecture between the urban center and the ever increasing suburban development. They are being left behind. Architecture Thesis Proposal Format You need to take care of every minor point of architecture thesis since it is a crucial step that will lead you to further success.

Report Writing Style and Structure Essay Example

Report Writing: Style and Structure Essay Report Writing: Style and Structure Summary Writing a report can seem daunting at first, but with a solid understanding of the fundamental structure and style used in constructing clear and concise reports, it can be achieved. The standard report format is as follows: Title, Summary, Introduction, Body, Conclusions, Recommendations, Appendix, References and Table of Contents. We will first look at how to prepare a report before the writing begins. Learning objectives At the end of the session, students will be able to: †¢ Write with a specific purpose and audience in mind †¢ Structure sentences, paragraphs and reports Write clearly and concisely Purpose and audience Before writing a report you should first identify some key factors, which will help you plan your approach and write with clarity. The first question you should ask yourself is, â€Å"what is the purpose of the report? † Purpose â€Å"What is it about, and what is it for? † It is beneficial to esta blish the purpose of your report before you start writing, so that you can think clearly on the subject, and produce a report styled to fit the needs of your purpose. Recognize what your report is for, (informing, instructing, guiding) and focus your writing on explaining the details. If for example, you want to write an instructional report for a team of colleagues, you know that you must focus your writing on providing clear concise instructions, which will allow your reader to comprehend the processes that you are describing. Audience â€Å"Who are you writing for? † The second question you should ask yourself is, â€Å"who is going to read this report and why? † Knowing your audience will help you determine how long your report should be, how it should be presented, and what level of terminology you should use to best attract and maintain the interest of your reader. We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing: Style and Structure specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing: Style and Structure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Report Writing: Style and Structure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If for example, you are writing a report to inform policy makers, you would want to focus on presenting your evidence clearly and concisely. We will now try an exercise on identifying audience and purpose: Exercise one Malaria Prevention You are a Health worker at the Ministry Of Health and have been asked to write a report on Malaria. You have access to the figures on Malaria incidents in the Country over the last five years, as well as access to the latest info on drugs and other barriers to prevent Malaria. 1. Describe the purpose of your report, and identify your audience. The sentence Now that we know how to identify our audience and define a purpose, we will look at how to write clearly and succinctly. Understanding how to structure a sentence is essential to conveying meaning clearly. Following are a few rules of thumb to help avoid ambiguous sentences: †¢ Keep it short and to the point. Many people have trouble with run-on sentences, creating ambiguity by attaching many ideas together with large combinations of commas, semicolons and dashes. Complete one thought and close out your sentence with end punctuation. †¢ Words for words sake. Avoid extraneous words, and parentheses that do not add to your point. †¢ Don’t leave it hanging. Sentence fragments can be just as confusing as run-on sentences. Make sure that you have completed your sentence and that it makes sense, before closing it out. For a comprehensive explanation of the inner workings of sentences and grammar, you can visit the links below. Sentence help: http://www2. actden. com/writ_den/tips/sentence/index. htm Grammar help: http://www. speakspeak. com/html/d10_english_grammar. htm We will now look over some common errors that can convolute sentences and obscure meaning. Sentence Fragment â€Å"Mark has finished his work on time. Since he started planning ahead. † The second sentence is a fragment here, because it does not contain enough information to complete a thought. Most sentence fragments are phrases that belong to the previous thought. To correct the problem in this instance, we simply remove the period. Correct â€Å"Mark has finished his work on time since he started planning ahead. † Run-on sentence â€Å"Jane loves Tom he is a good friend. † A run-on sentence occurs when you have two complete sentences that are not separated by correct punctuation. In this case we can correct it with a comma and a linking word, or by using a period. Correct â€Å"Jane loves Tom, because he is a good friend. † â€Å"Jane loves Tom. He is a good friend. † Exercise 2 Correct the following sentence fragments and run-on sentences. We will play Cricket tomorrow. If it doesn’t rain. In our survey we contacted 212 members of government 110 members of government responded. In order to obtain funding. You have to write clear concise reports. Michael loves to write reports he is talented at it and his wife’s name is Shelly. Structuring Sentences, Paragraphs and Reports Tell them what you’re going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them. † The diagram below is an excellent example on how to write clearly and logically. We will now look at each part of this â€Å"map† and then see how the pieces come together. [pic] Introduction Introductory paragraph The introduction should explain the general ideas to come, as well as your thesis statement, which tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the report. The rest of the report should gather evidence and organize a case around your thesis statement. Topic sentences A topic sentence is like a mini introduction to the body of your paragraph. Your topic sentence should explain what the body of the paragraph will cover, (just like your introduction explains what to expect in the report). It is a good idea to â€Å"map† out your report, by first writing topic sentences for each of the different paragraphs or sections of your report. 2. Body Support sentences Support sentences are the body of paragraphs. This is the section of your report that serves to provide evidence and examples that reinforce your thesis statement. Support sentences are also used to clearly explain and underpin main ideas. . Conclusion Concluding sentences The concluding sentence is used to reiterate the main points developed by the support sentences, and signal the end of a paragraph. They are also useful for adding emphasis to certain key points, through repetition. We will now look at how to create the different parts of a report outside of the general writing, which a re: Title, Summary, Recommendations, Appendix, References, and Table of Contents. Title The title is your first contact with the reader, and should inform them succinctly about what they are about to read. Summary The purpose of a summary is to provide an overview of the report. It is not necessary to give detailed information in the summary, but rather to provide an indication of the type of information that the report contains. Average summaries are between 100-150 words, and are generally written after the report has been completed, so that you know exactly what you are summarizing. Recommendations Recommendations are not an essential part of a report; however, if you are including one, it should follow from your conclusion. A brief statement clearly declaring your recommendations will suffice. Appendix An appendix contains materials that are peripheral, but relevant to your report. For example you may wish to include a glossary of terms in your appendix if you are writing a technical report for those who are not experts on the subject. You may also include copies of research tools such as questionnaires and manuals, as well as tables and diagrams that you feel would disrupt the flow of your report by breaking it up. If your appendix does contain tables, diagrams etc. , make sure to label them properly, so that the can easily be found when referenced. References If you have consulted or quoted any media sources, (print or otherwise) to help you compile your report, they must be acknowledged here, as well as in the text. Citing your resources not only avoids running into plagiarism issues, but strengthens your work by backing up your report with evidence from the work of others. If you are quoting directly from someone else, the quote must be followed by the author’s surname and date of publication in round brackets, e. g. Calvino (1983). A standard bibliography is an alphabetized list ordered by Author’s surnames. For a book you must include: the author’s surname and full name, or initials; the full title of the book; the edition (if other than the first); the place of publication; the publisher, and the date of publication, e. g. Calvino, Italo. Palomar. Torino: S. P. A. , 1983. For a complete guide to correct citation, visit: http://www. liu. edu/cwis/CWP/library/workshop/citmla. htm Table of Contents A table of contents is a page containing numbers that correspond to different parts of your report, allowing readers to jump between sections quickly. Number and title the different portions of your report, (such as â€Å"1. 2 Medical advancements in treating Malaria† â€Å"1. 3 Government funding for treating Malaria† â€Å"2. 1 References† etc. ) and then create a corresponding list of contents that lists the page number as well as the reference number, which should be sequential, starting from the summary. A good starting point for mapping out your table of contents is to do it corresponding to your topic sentences. Below is an example of a â€Å"mapped† checklist that puts all of the steps we have learned together followed by a table of contents. It is a good guidance tool to use when preparing to write a report. The â€Å"mapped† checklist is modeled on the Malaria prevention exercise we completed earlier. â€Å"Mapped† Checklist for Malaria Prevention 1. Who is it for? Health workers in district offices. 2. What is it about? Malaria prevention success stories over the last five years. 3. Title Let’s Win the Battle Against Malaria 4. Summary This report attempts to examine the benefits and drawbacks between different methods of combating malaria in Southern Africa, including rate of success, time, cost, and other socio-economic factors. 5. Introduction Exploring the methods for evaluating available options for combating malaria, and the relative successes of different options over the past five years. 6. Topic sentences 1. Insecticide treated nets have been proven to protect people from malaria, by both preventing physical contact, and killing the mosquito. 2. Community based work projects to reduce mosquito breeding grounds have been successful. 3. Indoor residual spraying remains one of the most widely used methods of vector control. 4. All of the discussed methods for the prevention of malaria work to some degree, but is it more beneficial to take a proactive or reactive stance? . What is the most successful and cost effective way to combat malaria, and how can we implement these measures? 6. With community work and adequate resources, malaria could be greatly reduced over the next decade. 7. Conclusion Having examined the different malaria prevention methods, and weighing their pros and cons, there are many possible solutions. 8. Recommendations 9. Appendix 10. References Table of Contents for Malaria Prevention ContentsPage no Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. Prevention methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2. 1 Insecticide treated nets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2. 2 Community based work projects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. 3 Indoor residual spraying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 3. Success and Cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 3. 1 Proactive and reactive approaches†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 3. 2 Striking a medium between cost and success†¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 3. 3 Future success†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 4. Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 5. Recommendaions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 6. Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0 7. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Exercise 3 Bringing it all together Now that you have an understanding of the content and structure of a report, it is time to put that knowledge to use. 1. Using one of the reports that we read last session, map out the topic sentences, then construct a table of contents. Tips for writing a report †¢ Write in plain English †¢ Select an appropriate title †¢ Use your spell checker †¢ Start writing †¢ Use your Report Map †¢ Sleep on it †¢ You don’t need to start at the beginning †¢ Be engaging †¢ Use language the will be comprehensible by your intended audience

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Mission Statement: To establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow. The following six Guideline Principles will help us measure the appropriateness of our decisions: Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. Apply the highest standard of excellence to the purchasing roasting and fresh delivery of our customer. Develop enthusiastically satisfied customer all of the time. Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. Recognize that profitability is essential to our future success. Starbucks has the following core values: Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting and fresh delivery of our coffee. Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time. Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. Focus all resources to their coffee shop operation because they want to best serve for their customer. Encourage new and innovative ideas akin to maintain competitive growth. Dedicated thier self to continuous achievement in sales, profit and size of organization Market Demographics: The profile for the starbucks customer consists of the following geographic, demographic, and behavior factors: Geographic: The geographic survey may include the identification of total number of population, in society and total number of target customer in which you are operating (Lanchester, Massingham, Ashford 2002). The immediate geographic target market for starbucks is the total population of the UK which is 60,776,238 approximately. The specific targeted market of Starbucks is mostly the Employee of offices, students of schools, colleges, and universities. 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Economic conditions may make consumers unwilling to pay high prices Political conditions abroad may limit expansion Increasing competition in coffee market May be reaching saturation point in some U.S markets Increase prices of raw material for coffee and other stuff BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP (BCG) MATRIX: In the mid-1960s the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) was founded to provide advice to strategic marketing planners. BCG developed a simple but useful strategic planning technique based on an analysis of a company product portfolio. The technique entail assigning each individual product of an organization to one of four possible cells in simple matrix according to the relative market share and rate of market growth associated with that particular product/business. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p382) In the BCG matrix, star quadrant is the most dominant place where the companies enjoy the high market growth and high market share. Thats why every company wants to stay in star quadrant. As STARBUCKS coffee shop is the renowned coffee chain in the world, thats why it clearly lies in the (STAR QUADRANT High Growth + High Share) because the annual sales of the company in last financial year 2009 are US $ 9.774 Million, moreover the coffee shop enjoying the highest market share as well in the coffee industry. ANSOFFS GROWTH MATRIX: An off has proposed the idea of product. Market scope to aid in the formulation and selection of strategies, particularly for those companies with growth objectives. The basic framework of this approach is the matrix comprises market on the vertical axis and on the horizontal axis products. In turn, each axis is subdivided into existing and new. Each cell of the matrix is form a different strategic alternative for achieving growth. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p380) In the ANSOFF growth matrix, the STARBUCKS coffee shop lies in the (MARKET EXPENSION Existing Product + New Market), because company is making very good profit in almost every coffee shop in different location of the world. Expending its coffee market in Middle East, and Asia could be very helpful for the companys profit because there is huge potential for the coffee market as there is no famous coffee shops in that part of the world. Just like recently they have opened their two coffee shops, one in China and other is in Kuwait. MARKETING MIX STRATEGY FOR STARBUCKS: The term marketing mix is attributed to the American Neil H. Borden and has been touched on several times in earlier chapters. As we have seen, the marketing mix consists of those marketing tools over which the marketer has control and therefore can vary in order to achieve overall marketing objective and strategies. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p380) In order to make appropriate strategies for gaining customers preferences and their loyalty, we need to understand as to how STARBUCKS Marketing Mix or 4 Ps have enabled the company to achieve superior customer satisfaction, and also in building a long-term relationship with its customers. Following are the some recommendations for STARBUCKS in relation with marketing mix: Frame Work of marketing Mix PRODUCT: Product is the bundle of benefits which the supplier offers to the purchaser. The particular set of benefits on offer will appeal to specific group of consumers: it is extremely unlikely that any product will appeal to everyone. Even products such as Coca-Cola, which is sold worldwide and is the worlds most recognized brand name has only a minority share of the soft drinks market. Many people simply dont like it, or think it is too expensive, or prefer other drinks which meet their needs better. Attempts to create a perfect product which suits everybody are likely to result in over complex, over expansive products, which is why product orientation has fallen into dispute. Decision that address the new product development process(innovation management), licensing strategies with potential partners, intellectual property rights, services provided to augment the revenue stream from base products product name/brand decisions ,development of complementary products by partners, creation of industry standards, packaging, and so forth, the critical need is to develop a stream of products with the right set of features to satisfy customer needs in a compelling yet simple fashion.( jakki j. Mohr, Sanjit Sengupta, Stanley Slater,2000, p7) In Starbucks they made purely their products to satisfying the needs of the customer, and they made coffee with the finest coffee ingredients of the world. 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(Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p380) Decisions that establish price points for the company products, and address issues related cost to produce/manufacturer the good, margins along the distribution channel, competitors prices (pricing relative to a specific firm market position), customer value, total cost of ownership for the customer, price for product bundles, and profitability.( .( jakki j. Mohr, Sanjit Sengupta, Stanley Slater,2000, p8). Price is the only element of the marketing mix that produces revenue, As such; it serves a tactical as well as an economic role for an organization 9Holloway and Robison 1995). The price charged sends many signals about the likely value of the product being offered and, as such, must be commensurate with the quality of experience, Starbuckss product prices are relative high than others, because they target those people of society who give the preference on quantity. Following are the some prices of STARBUCKS famous products: ESPRESSO: Tall Grande Vent Coffee Latte  £2.05p  £2.40p  £2.65p Cappuccino  £2.05p  £2.40p  £2.65p Vanilla Latte  £2.35  £2.70p  £2.95p Coffee Americano  £1.75p  £1.90p  £2.05p Espresso  £1.20p  £1.40p  £1.55p COFFEE HOUSE FAVOURITES Caramel Hot Chocolate  £2.90p  £3.25p  £3.50p Coffee Misto  £1.95p  £2.35p  £2.55p Classic Hot Chocolate  £2.20p  £2.50p  £2.80p Signature Hot Chocolate  £2.65p  £3.00p  £3.25p Freshly Brewed coffee  £1.65p  £1.75p  £1.90p FRAPPUCCINO: Cinnamon Dolce  £3.05p  £3.25p  £3.45p Java Chip  £3.05p  £3.25p  £3.45p Espresso  £2.65p  £2.85p  £3.05p Coffee  £2.50p  £2.70p  £2.90p Caramel  £3.05p  £3.25p  £3.45p SPRING FAVOURITES: Cinnamon Dolce Latte  £2.70p  £3.05P  £3.30P Caramel Macchiato  £2.70P  £3.05P  £3.30P PLACE: Place is the location where the exchange takes place. This may be a retail store, it may be a catalogue, it maybe a restaurant, or it may be a website. Deciding on the appropriate place for the exchange is not merely a matter of movie goods around but is rather a strategic issue. The decisions revolve around making it as easy as possible for customers to find the good and make the purchase, and also using channels which give the appropriate image for the product. For example, retailing a product through discount stores gives a completely different impression from retailing a product through discount stores gives a completely different impression from retailing the same product through exclusive department stores. (Essential of Marketing, Geoff, Lester, Ashford, 4th Ed, p380) Now in case of Starbucks they mainly build their stores in the prime location of the city where they can easily attracts their desired customers who really want to enjoy the taste of coffee. Just like in UK they build their stores mainly in the shopping malls and town centers, Amusements Park, stadiums, airports etc. Now it is the need of the time that they should be concentrate to open their more stores in Middle East and Asia. PROMOTION: Promotion is such a large part of marketing that it is often mistaken for the whole of marketing. Promotion encompasses all the communication activities of marketing: advertising, public relations, and sales promotions, personal selling, and so forth. Promotion is not simply a hard sell, however: it is a way of meeting customers information needs, at least in part. It is also, to an extent, persuasive in that most marketing communication emphasis the good aspects of owning products and downplay the bad aspects. Starbucks nearly spends  £4.7 million every year for promotions. It is include the cost of print media, electronic media, indoor, outdoor media etc. The companys latest stunning plan is the Starbucks Card. You buy a re-chargeable card in the UK which can be used at coffee bars in the US, Canada, Australia and Thailand. The card will enhance the Starbucks experience for customers allowing them to buy their daily cup of coffee quickly and easily, even when they are not carrying cash. Recently company through an agreement between Starbucks, and T-Mobile the two companies have come up with a way to provide internet access at Starbucks location and high speed broadband for Starbucks customers as well. In addition, T-Mobile hot spot customers get to use the Starbucks stores as they do now. Moreover Starbucks spends millions of dollars internationally to protect the environment and global warming. DIVERCIFICATION: The major reason for a business adopting a strategy of diversification is therefore to allow it to reduce its dependence upon a single market area (W. Stewart Howe 1986 p 153). At a general strategic level An off suggests three reasons why firms diversify. First, their objectives cannot be achieved by continuing to operate in their existing markets. Thus, since continued operation in these markets is not able to diversify the profit, risk or growth objectives of the business, achievement of these must be sought in new market areas. Second, where a business has excess financial resources beyond those necessary to satisfy its expansion plan in its existing markets, then rather than retain these resources in liquid form of business may invest them in new markets areas. Third, if greater opportunities are presented to the firm in new market areas than accrue from its existing activities. Then a diversification program may be undertaken to benefit from these. There are tw o types of diversifications: RELATED DIVERSIFICATION UN-RELATED DIVERSICATION RELATED DIVERSIFICATION: Expending combining with firms in different, but related industry that are Strategic Fits. UNRELATED DIVERSIFICATION: Growing by combining with firms in un-related industries, where higher financial returns are possible. Now, if Starbucks want to diversify its business outside the industry, then the company should start a totally new business that is not from the same industry. For example Starbucks is a coffee shop, if they enter in the manufacturing business and start making cars, bikes etc that will be the perfect example of diversification. But the main focus of the Starbucks should be on their strategic business unit which is coffee shop. If they want to diversify their business within the same industry i.e. related diversification, then the Starbucks should combine their business with their competitors to launch new products. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: The franchiser/licenser remembers to provide a standard package of components, or ingredients together with management and marketing services, and advice. Since franchising involves the transfer of tangible, it can enable greater control of the operation for the originating manufacturer than licensing (Lancaster Massing ham Ashford 2002 p 437). Starbucks currently use three strategies for business in overseas. These strategies are as follow: 1: Joint ventures 2: Licenses 3: Company-Owned Operations. Mainly the company uses the company-owned shops for the business in other countries. RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE MARKETING PLAN OF STARBUCKS (3 YEARS): By analyzing the above whole information such as Swot analysis, An off analysis, BCG matrix, marketing mix, following should be the primary objectives of the marketing plan of Starbucks coffee shop for next 3 years: GOALS OR OBJECTIVES: Sales should be increased by 15 to 20% at least. In order to get increased sales, they should increase Gross Profit margin by 25%. Find more new markets especially in Middle East, and Asia. More strengthen their position as a worldwide coffee shop leader. Increase marketing budget by 15% In order to achieve the above future objectives, the Starbucks coffee shop should follow instructions: INTRODUCE SOME NEW PROMOTIONS: As Starbucks introduced a stunning promotion plan that is Starbucks re-chargeable card for purchasing coffee whether you have money or not at that time. Just like that company should develop a membership card especially for the students. Some discount should be offer to regular customer, and student to increase the detainment. NEW TARGER MARKETS: To maintain the top position in the coffee market, Starbucks should go and find some new coffee potential market. Just like there is great potential of new coffee shop especially in Asia, and Middle East, as there is no famous coffee shop. Where they can capture in new market, and got some handsome profit as well. MAINTAIN SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: The Starbucks coffee shop should maintain the competitive advantage that it has got over other coffee shops. In order to maintain leading position in the coffee market, the Starbucks should introduce innovative products after good intervals. INTRODUCE SOME INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS: To maintain the dominant position in the coffee market, it is necessary for the Starbucks that, they should introduce some really innovative products after good intervals. The induction of new products creates the brand loyalty among the customers. INCREASE MARKETING BUDGET: In any company market department play a vital rule in increasing the sales plus revenue. So It is very essential for the Starbucks to full fill the requirement of its Marketing Department whether its finically or non financially. So that they can performed its task potentially. Moreover they are some other resources too, thorough which a Starbucks increase the sales revenue. For example, they should conduct promotions Events, Held seminars and get the services of Global celebrities. DIVERCIFY THE BUSINESS: Diversification is a very important tool for maintaining overall position in any market. Starbucks cannot rely through limited niches products. They have to adopt t Diversification. Diversify the business in product-related items, or unrelated items to increase their revenues. IMPROVE THE PRODUCT QUALITY: To maintain the superb quality and taste of different products in Starbucks, the company should adopt the Total Quality Management tool, which means improve the products quality until the perfection, and there is no defect on product or zero defect products. EMPLOYEES TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT: Training and development of employees is an important task for the management in order to enhance the progress of company, and increase the sales, and produce the error free services. EMPLOYEES MOTIVATIONS: Employees motivation is very important for every organization to get good profit, and in order to maintain its position in the market. Good pay, and reward system is the best tool to motivate the employees. So Starbucks should try to give good pay and benefits to their employees during the job.

Graduation Speech: Do or Do Not, There is No Try :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The year 2012 marks an era of new beginnings and bold adventures. Years from now, when we look back on our senior year, we’ll remember a year of good friends, hard work and planning for the future. As graduating seniors we will create different paths to our own success. Some will choose the superhighway and some will choose the winding road — each person deciding their own level of happiness. It has been said, "To know where you are going, one must remember where you have been." Tonight, the Class of 2012 will start a new chapter, moving toward new endeavors and taking on greater challenges, making this evening the perfect time to reflect on our past here at County High School. As we look back on our senior year, we will remember it as the year the voters of Stoll passed a new school bond creating the promise of a new high school. The year our girls’ basketball team went to state, and our football team went undefeated in league. We will remember the cold, wet nights in the stands watching football; the cold, wet nights in the stands watching soccer and well, ... you get the idea. We will remember working endless nights creating our homecoming floats. Maybe not Rose Bowl Parade material, but they did manage to roll, and we had fun! Laughing at each other and laughing with each other, we have had a great time together. Let us not forget the Lawn Chair Drill Team practices at O Dark Hundred — the Tolo dance and the Senior Prom. And on a personal note, a great 18th birthday — Thanks, guys! Tonight as we go our separate ways, let’s not forget that we have the ability to be whatever we want to be. To climb mountains, to reach the stars, to stretch as far as we can imagine.

Hydraulics and Hydrology Lec

48362 – HYDRAULICS and HYDROLOGY James E Ball – Hydrology Component SUBJECT DETAILS 1 CONTACTS ? Assoc Prof James Ball ? ? ? james. [email  protected] edu. au ph – 9514 2623 Office Hours ? ? Monday 2:00 – 4:00pm Contact by email for appointment SUBJECT CONCEPT The objective of this component of the subject is: ? Introduce engineering hydrology; ? Introduce hydrological processes; ? Introduce flood estimation; and ? Introduce engineering hydrology applications in water resources management. 2 SUBJECT CONCEPT This introduction is aimed at: ? Providing an ability to apply commonly used methods in hydrology; and ?Provide an understanding of the theory behind these methods. REFERENCES Three references that may be useful are ? Applied Hydrology – Chow, Maidment & Mays, McGraw-Hill Book Co. ? Hydrology An Australian Introduction – Ladson, Oxford University Press ? Australian Rainfall & Runoff – A Guide to Flood Estimation – Engineers Australia No published Course Notes are available for this subject. 3 SUBJECT DOCUMENTS UTS-Online will be used for distribution of ? Copies of lecture slides; ? Reading material; and ? Tutorial problems. Students should note that additional reference books may be noted in the lecture slides.LECTURE STRUCTURE Each Hydrology lecture period will comprise: ? 2 hour lecture; and ? 1 hour tutorial. It is expected that students will have accessed the lecture slides, reading material and tutorials prior to the lecture period. 4 SUBJECT TIMETABLE Date Topic 27 February Hydrology and Water Resources 5 March Meteorology 12 March Hydrologic Data 19 March Surface Water 27 March Storm Runoff 2 April Hydrologic Design 9 April Design Rainfall 1 May Peak Flow Estimation 7 May Hydrograph Estimation – Part 1 13 May Hydrograph Estimation – Part 2 14 May Environmental Flows 21 May Water Sensitive Urban Design 4 JuneCourse Review HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Lecture 1 5 CONTENT ? Introduction to Hydr ology ? Development of Hydrology ? Hydrologic Cycle ? Australian Hydrology INTRODUCTION 6 DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY Greek word: Hydor => water & ology => study of Hydraulics comes from Greek word hydraulikos which in turn comes from hydor (Greek for water) and aulos (meaning pipe). DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY UNESCO (1979)1 defines hydrology as â€Å"the physical science which treats the waters of the Earth, their Occurrence, Circulation and Distribution, their Chemical and Physical Properties, and their Reaction with the Environment†. UNESCO, (1979), Impact of urbanisation and industrialisation on water resources planning and management, Studies and Reports in Hydrology, UNESCO, UNESCO, Paris. 7 WATER Water is essential for maintenance of life. Early civilisations were concentrated on rivers ? ? establishment of settlements near rivers analogous to looking for signs of water on Mars Management of water is multi-disciplinary; many professions are involved. WATER Variety of problems encountered include ? Flood mitigation ? Sanitary sewer systems ? Land drainage ? Water Supply ? Culvert and bridge design ? Environmental Flows ? Erosion ?Mine tailings ? Drought ? Adaptation to climate change ? Irrigation systems ? Hydro-electric and power generation ? Stormwater systems 8 RURAL FLOODING URBAN FLOODS 9 STORMWATER STRUCTURES STORMWATER DRAINS 10 WATER SUPPLY HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER 11 IRRIGATION SCHEMES DROUGHT 12 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Ancient civilisations were integrated with their river valleys. Examples are ? ? ? ? ? Egyptian Civilisations and the Nile Valley Mesopotamian Civilisations and the TigrisEuphrates Indian Civilisations and the Indus Valley Ancient China and the Yellow River Andean Civilisations and Coastal Peru DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGYMany of structures from early civilisations are still in operation. Large scale irrigation and drainage works were associated with these civilisations. Earliest recorded dam is about 2900BC (the Sadd Al-Kafara at Wadi Al-Garawi, 25km south of Cairo) Used for both flood protection and irrigation. Also site of earliest known dam failure. 13 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Oldest surviving dam in the world is the Grand Anicut Dam on the Kaveri River in Southern India. This structue dates back to 2nd Century AD. DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Water supply to Ancient Rome has been estimated as being approx 500L/c/d.Current water supply requirements are ? ? ? Australian cities, design – approx. 430L/c/d Australian cities, actual – approx. 230L/c/d US cities, design – approx 600L/c/d Drainage structures (such as the Cloaca Maxima) from Ancient Rome are still being used today. 14 ANCIENT ROMANS Cloaca maxima Bath, UK AQUEDUCTS Pont du Gard, France c19 BC Hampi, India 1st century AD 15 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Flood protection has been practiced for thousands of years along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. It remains an issue of concern in these areas to the current day. DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Wat er has been of interest for many years.Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers speculated on a hydrologic cycle – Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Lucretius, Seneca, Pliny. This cycle was developed from their observations of water in their environment. Use of observations remains a fundamental component of current hydrologic applications and research. 16 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Chinese recorded observations of rain ? ? ? An-yang oracle bones as early as 1200BC; Used rain gauges around 1000BC; and Established systematic records about 200BC. Indian records date back to 400BC. DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Scientific development of hydrology occurred uring the Renaissance period. Examples are ? ? ? Leonardo da Vinci – velocity distributions in streams. Bernard Palissy – springs originated from rainfall. Pierre Perrault – runoff is a fraction of rainfall. 17 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Other contributions during this period were made by ? ? ? ? ? Galileo Newton Bernoulli Euler Lagrange DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Significant scientific development occurred in the 19th Century when ? ? ? ? ? Dalton proposed the principle of evaporation. Hagen-Poiseuille described capillary flow. Mulvaney developed the Rational method. Darcy described mathematically porous media low. Rippl developed methods for determining storage requirements. 18 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY 20th Century saw rapid development of quantitative hydrology. Biggest influence during this period was the development of the digital computer and the development of catchment modelling systems. Limitation now is data availability rather than calculation capacity. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 19 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE One of the fundamental cycles of nature. Basis for the science of hydrology. Important points ? ? ? ? Cycle has no start and no end. Cycle is continuous. Flow of water in the cycle is not continuous.Water moves erratically through the cycle. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 20 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 21 HYDROL OGICAL CYCLE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE General components of the cycle are ? Atmospheric Water ? Surface Water ? Ground Water In analysis of water resource problems, these components are treated with a systems approach. 22 SYSTEMS CONCEPT A systems concept is applied when considering the hydrological cycle or some component thereof. This is consistent with the reductionist concept used in many engineering problems. SYSTEMS CONCEPT The reductionist philosophy is based on reducing the system to a number of smaller omponents. The response of the system then is determined from summation of the responses of the individual components. 23 SYSTEMS CONCEPT WATER BALANCE 24 WATER BALANCE Amount of water does not change. Where it may be found does change. Water maybe found in the seas and oceans, in the atmosphere, on the surface, below the surface, and in biological systems. WATER BALANCE ITEM Oceans Polar Ice Groundwater Lakes Soil Moisture Atmospheric Water Rivers Biological Water ?Water VOLUME (k m3) % TOTAL WATER 1. 338 x 109 96. 5 24. 0 x 106 1. 7 23. 4 x 106 1. 69 187. 9 x 103 0. 0138 16. 5 x 103 0. 0012 12. 9 x 103 . 001 2. 1 x 103 0. 0002 1. 1 x 103 0. 0001 1. 386 x 109 100. 0 UNESCO, 1978 – ref 11, ladson ch1 25 WATER BALANCE Not all water is freshwater. Only approx 2. 5% of the water is fresh water – water in the oceans and some lake water and ground water is saline. Considering only fresh water, the values in the previous table are modified to WATER BALANCE UNESCO, 1978 ITEM VOLUME (km3) % TOTAL WATER Polar Ice 24. 0 x 106 68. 6 Groundwater 23. 4 x 106 30. 1 103 0. 26 Soil Moisture 16. 5 x 103 0. 05 Atmospheric Water 103 0. 04 Rivers 2. 1 x 103 0. 006 Biological Water 1. 1 x 103 0. 003 Fresh Water 35. 0 x 106 00. 0 Lakes 187. 9 x 12. 9 x 26 WATER BALANCE Basis of any volume based problem is a water balance. This is a usage of the concept of continuity. In general, application of continuity gives in volume terms Inflow – Outflow = Change in Stora ge (? S) And in flux terms Qi – Qo = ? S / ? t WATER BALANCE Components of inflow for a water body such as a lake or reservoir are ? Precipitation (P) ? Inflow from rivers or groundwater (I) 27 WATER BALANCE Components of outflow for a water body such as a lake or reservoir are ? Evapo-transpiration (ET); ? Outflows – Extractions, Downstream flows, (O); and ? Seepage (G)WATER BALANCE Hence the water balance for a water body is P + I – O – ET – G = ? S 28 WATER FLOWS While the volume of water in a source is important, the flux of water through a component is important also. An indication of the flux can be obtained from the diagram of the hydrological cycle. WATER FLOWS The Global Annual Water Balance is shown on in units relative to the annual volume of precipitation on land masses. Note that this is a flow rate (km3/yr). 29 WATER FLOWS ? Precipitation ? ? ? ? Land – 119,000 km3/yr (800mm/yr) Ocean – 458,000 km3/yr (1270mm/yr) Total à ¢â‚¬â€œ 577,000 km3/yr Evaporation ? ? ?Land – 72,000 km3/yr (484mm/yr) Ocean – 505,000 km3/yr (1400mm/yr) Total – 577,000 km3/yr WATER FLOWS ? Runoff to Oceans ? ? ? Rivers – 44,700 km3/yr Groundwater – 2,200 km3/yr Total Runoff – 47,000 km3/yr (316mm/yr) 30 WATER FLOWS Considering the volume and flux gives the mean residence times in a particular source. The mean residence time for atmospheric water is obtained by dividing the volume (S) of water in the atmosphere by the flux (Q), ie TR ? S 12,900 ? ? 0. 022 yr ? 8. 2days Q 577,000 WATER FLOWS ITEM Oceans Polar Ice & Glaciers Groundwater Lakes Soil Moisture Rivers Atmosphere Biological WaterTR 2600 years 1100 years 700 years 13 years 155 days 13 days 8. 2 days 3. 4 days 31 AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE â€Å"†¦of droughts and flooding rains† 32 RIVER RUNOFF Australia has low runoff per unit area (average depth of surface runoff). Also, Australian runoff has greater vari ability due to lack of snow melt period. RAINFALL COMPARISON Variability of Annual rainfall 20 18 Coefficient (%) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 A ustralia S. A frica Germany France NZ India UK Canada China USA Russia Country 33 AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIONS Marked wet summer and dry winter of northern Australia.Wet summer and low winter rainfall of southeast QLD and northeast NSW. Uniform rainfall in southeast Australia. Wet winter and dry summer of southwest WA and parts of the southeast. Arid area comprising about half of the continent More on BoM website 34 AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL Pluviometer Network Daily Read Network PRECIPITATION 35 AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL City Average Annual Rainfall (mm) Average Number of Rain Days Darwin 1714 111 Sydney 1217 138 Brisbane 1149 122 Perth 786 114 Melbourne 653 147 Canberra 623 105 Hobart 569 135 Adelaide 530 121 Alice Springs 279 31 After Ladson, 2008 AUSTRALIAN CONDITIONSAustralian rainfall is influenced by general circulation patterns. Most of Australia is around 30o latitude which tend to be areas of descending air. Note – that the solar equator moves during the year. 36 AUST. CLIMATE VARIABILITY Known major causes Approximate time scale Effect Synoptic weather patterns Day / week â€Å"Weather† Southern Annular Mode Weeks +ve phase => winter rainfall deficiencies in southern Australia; summer increases in MDB El Nino / La Nina (Southern Oscillation Index) Inter-annual El nino => lower rainfalls La nina => higher rainfalls Indian Ocean Dipole Inter-annual ve phase => increased rainfall +ve phase => decreased rainfall Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation Inter-decadal Flip flops between drier and wetter periods e. g. 1st half of 20th century wetter than 2nd half The Australian climate – influences http://www. bom. gov. au/watl/about-weather-and-climate/australian-climate-influences. html 37 The Australian climate – influences The Australian climate – topography 38 Seasonal rainfall variatio n across the country Seasonal rainfall variation across the country Mean rainfall – Katherine mm Mean rainfall – Dubbo mm 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 0 0 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N J D F Mean rainfall – Alice Springs mm M A M J A S O N D Mean rainfall – Sydney mm 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O S O N N D Mean rainfall – Perth mm Mean rainfall – Strahan mm 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Perth wind rose February J F M A M J J A D Rainfall variability – a comparison Annual rainfall – Birdsville mm 600 400 200 2000 1980 1960Annual rainfall – Bourke mm Annual rainfall – Perth 1940 1920 1900 0 mm 1000 1400 1200 800 1000 600 800 600 400 400 200 200 1980 1960 1940 1920 1900 1980 19 60 1940 1920 1900 1880 1880 0 0 39 NSW annual rainfall time-series New South Wales Annual Rainfall 1000 900 Dry Period: 1900 – 1946 Average Rainfall: 477. 7mm *Dry conditions commenced 1890 Standard Deviation: 90. 4 Wet Period: 1947 – 2000 Average Rainfall: 573. 9mm 20. 1% increase Standard Deviation: 127. 0 800 New Dry 2001/06 439. 5mm 23. 4% decline Rainfall (mm) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 40

Poetic Literature: the 10 Plagues

God in this time period and now is a very powerful being. He has the knowledge of what is good and what is evil. Pharaoh in the book of Exodus tests God’s patience and power by continuing to deceive him as well as Moses, and Aaron. In this paper I plan to compare and contrast the ten plagues in the bible, Exodus 7:14-12:36 with Psalms 78:44-51 and 105:28-36 as well as explain how the authors of each psalm view the story of the plagues. In Exodus, it speaks about how the Pharaoh is unyielding to letting the Egyptian slaves go free so that they can worship to God. God initially had send Moses, who was made like God to the Pharaoh, and Aaron, Moses’ prophet, to warn Pharaoh to let God’s people go. Each and every time this request was asked of Pharaoh, he would lie about freeing his slaves, then, harden his heart and change his mind. This made God very angry and this is how the plagues began. The first plague started with the River Nile being turned into blood. This was God’s initial idea of getting Pharaoh to do what he wants and by removing the source of water would surely get his attention. However, that was not the case and the Pharaoh’s heart hardened. This pattern between God, Moses, Aaron, and the Pharaoh continued throughout nine more plagues after the first. The plagues that occurred after the Nile River turning into blood were frogs, gnats, flies, livestock/pestilence, boils, hail, locusts, darkness, and finally the death of the first born of every living being and animal in Egypt. The final plague is what we now know as Passover. I noticed in the first Psalm account of the ten plagues (Ps. 78:44-51), only seven of the ten plagues were mentioned. It started with turning the river into blood, followed by a swarm of flies, frogs, then locusts, hail, the killing of livestock, and finally the killing of the firstborn of every human and animal of Egypt. This psalm only has eight stanzas and if you notice the plagues are not in the same order as the ones in the book of Exodus. Instead of using the words gnats (used in Exodus) that word is replaced with caterpillars. The plagues of boils and darkness were not used in this Psalm also. Psalms 78:44-51 is of a Yahwistic narrative. God seems like a parental figure so to speak. It seems like it is just punishment because of the Pharaoh’s ignorance and his follower’s obliviousness. Like parents with children if one child messes up, the other siblings tend to feel part of the punishment as well and this is what I feel happened to the people of Egypt. The Yahwist tradition basically explains the relationship between God and man and to present sin and how man should be like God. Also, there is a level of communication that shows the relationship between human beings and God; a level of closeness and relationship growth. In the second account of the plagues in Psalm 105:28-36, this too is not in the same order as the ones in Exodus. It starts off with God sending darkness over the land then turning the river into blood, followed by a swarm of frogs, flies, gnats, hail, livestock, locusts, and again ending with the killing of the first born of every human and animal in Egypt. This Psalm has nine stanzas and this time boils was the only plague not used. To compare to the plagues in Exodus there is one way communication to show that God is all powerful and we are to never think that we are greater than him. For example, In Ex. 7:6, God directs Moses and Aaron to take a message to the Pharaoh and they did just as the Lord asked. Psalms 105:28-36 is written in a priestly fashion. The priestly narrative speaks on how angry God was and says that he did not spare anyone’s lives and left them all in the hands of the plague and the company of the destroying angels. It makes it seem like God in this psalm is mean with no remorse for anyone – monster like. To conclude, I feel that historical accuracy is equally important to ancient writers as well as the readers who choose to read their script. In the case of the plagues and the two psalm accounts relating to them, I think the reason why Ex. 7:14-12:36 and the two Ps. 78:44-51 and 105:28-36, are not in agreement in terms of order and number is because they were written by two authors with different views. I think that creating different versions of the same story is not a major problem for the biblical editors because it is nice to read a story and have the opportunity to see it in two different perspectives so that you can draw your own conclusion.

Excessive accumulation of body fat Essay Example

Excessive accumulation of body fat Essay Example Excessive accumulation of body fat Essay Excessive accumulation of body fat Essay Introduction Fleshiness may be defined as a status in which there is an inordinate accretion of organic structure fat to province in which the wellness of the patient is compromised. It consequences from an instability between energy consumption and energy outgo. Assorted factors such as environmental and familial factors can lend to fleshiness. Environmental factors comprises of handiness of high Calorie diet or sedentary life style, whereas familial factors comprises of constituents such as household history of obesity.1 Fleshiness is associated with a big figure of wellness jobs, both independently and in association with other diseases such as type 2 diabetes, CHD. Besides that, it besides causes an increased incidence of certain signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease, clogging slumber apnoea and osteoarthritis.2 The organic structure mass index ( BMI ) gives a step of comparative weight and is normally used for placing persons at increased hazard of morbidity and mortality from fleshiness ( Table 1 ) . The anatomical distribution of organic structure fat, with cardinal ( splanchnic ) adiposeness transporting a greater wellness hazard than peripheral. For this ground, the measuring of the waist perimeter in centimeters ( Table 2 ) can be a utile method for placing clinical hazards associated with obesity.1 With an increased figure of people being corpulent, the authorities s Foresight programme shows that over half of the UK grownup population could be obese by 2050. Besides fleshiness s deduction on wellness job, its economical deductions are besides significant. The NHS costs attributable to overweight and fleshiness are projected to duplicate to A ; lb ; 10 billion per twelvemonth by 2050. The wider costs to society and concern are estimated to make amp ; lb ; 49.9 billion per twelvemonth ( at today s monetary values ) . 3 Owing to its increasing prevalence in both development and developed states, associated morbidity and mortality, and the tremendous health care costs, fleshiness has become a major concern, therefore it has been a curative and research end for pharmaceutical companies to develop schemes to cut down the fleshiness epidemic every bit good as to develop safe and effectual antiobesity drugs. In this essay, we shall reexamine the current province of antiobesity drugs and their safety concerns, every bit good as highlight new curative marks and mechanisms by understanding the pathology / physiology of fleshiness. 1. Orlistat Orlistat ( Xenical ® ) has been licensed in the UK since September 1998 as an anti-obesity drug, and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in April 1999. Orlistat inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipases every bit good as the hydrolysis of dietetic triglycerides, ensuing in limited soaking up of monoglycerides and free fatty acids. The compound is a partially hydrated endogenous lipstatin produced by Streptomyces toxytricini. 6 It is usually indicated for patients with a BMI of = 30 kg/m2, or a BMI of = 28 kg/m2 in the presence of other hazard factors, such as high blood pressure, diabetes or lipemia. Orlistat is contraindicated in patients with chronic malabsorption syndrome or acholia, in gestation or piece breastfeeding every bit good as in patients with known hypersensitivity to orlistat.7 I. Efficacy in clinical tests In a recent published Cochrane reappraisal on the long term effects of sanctioned antiobesity medicines in clinical tests of at least one twelvemonth continuance, 16 orlistat surveies ( n = 10,631 ) , patients were either given orlistat 60 milligram, 120 milligram and placebo. Compared to placebo, orlistat reduced weight by 2.9 kilograms ( 95 % assurance interval ( Cl ) 2.5 to 3.2 kilogram ) was achieved. Active drug therapy showed patients were more likely to accomplish a 5 % and 10 % weight loss thresholds to that of placebo controlled weight losingss which were much lower in diabetic patients. Orlistat reduced diabetes incidence from 9.0 % to 6.2 % ( hazard ratio 0.63, 95 % CI 0.46 to 0.86 ) in the XENDOS test every bit good as improved entire cholesterin, LDL-cholesterol, blood force per unit area 1.5 millimeter Hg ( 95 % CI 0.9 to 2.2 millimeters Hg ; in 13 surveies ) and diastolic blood force per unit area decreases of 1.4 millimeters Hg ( 95 % CI 0.7 to 2.0 millimeters Hg ; in 12 surveies ) . , and glycaemic control in patients.8 II. Adverse effects Orlistat therapy was associated with GI ( GI ) events which were the most common side effects. In this reappraisal, the classification of the results and item of those who reported GI inauspicious side effects varied between tests. Over 80 % of orlistat treated patients were reported to hold experienced at least one GI side consequence, absolute frequence that was 24 % ( 95 % CI 20 % to 29 % ; 14 surveies ) higher than patients on placebo. The most normally reported GI events were fatty/oily stool, fecal urgency and oily staining, which occurred at frequence rate of 15 % to 30 % in most surveies. Approximately 5 % of these patients discontinued therapy due to GI side effects, which was 2 % ( 95 % CI 1 % to 3 % ; 12 surveies ) higher than patients taking placebo.8 2. Sibutramine Sibutramine ( Reductil ® ) is a centrally moving inhibitor of norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and to a lesser grade, Dopastat re-uptake, which was originally developed as an antidepressant nevertheless alternatively of it bettering temper, it led to weight loss. It acts chiefly as an appetency suppressant and it may besides increase energy outgo ensuing in weight loss during chronic intervention which usually occurs during the first six months. However farther intervention does non do farther weight loss but helps to keep organic structure weight. Due to chair consequence, the drug was approved by the FDA and introduced into the US market in 1997 and in the European Union in 1999.9 Sibutramine is indicated in patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more ( and no associated co-morbidity ) , or in those with a BMI of 27 kg/m2 or more in the presence of other hazard factors such as type-2 diabetes or hypercholesterolaemia. It is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled high blood pressure, CHD, congestive bosom failure or shot. 7 I. Efficacy in clinical tests In a recent published Cochrane reappraisal on the long term effects of sanctioned antiobesity medicines in clinical tests of at least one twelvemonth continuance, 10 sibutramine surveies ( n = 2,623 ) , patients were either given dosage of sibutramine ranged between 10 to 20 milligrams, with the most common dosage being 15 milligram. In footings of weight loss, patients on sibutramine therapy lost 4.2 kilogram ( 95 % CI 3.6 to 4.7 kilograms ; 8 surveies ) or 4.3 % ( 95 % CI 3.7 % to 5.0 % ; 10 surveies ) more weight than those taking placebo.8 In patients with diabetes, sibutramine reduced weight by 5.0 % ( 95 % CI 3.8 to 6.2 % ; 3 surveies ) or 4.9 kilograms ( 95 % CI 3.6 kilogram to 6.2 kilograms ; 3 surveies ) compared to placebo therapy.10 Overall, alterations in glycaemic parametric quantities were inconsistent and were non significantly different from placebo in any survey even in patients with diabetes when reported. Sibutramine was besides found to increase HDL cholesterin degrees by 0.04 mmol/L ( 95 % CI 0.01 to 0.08 mmol/L ; 5 surveies ) and cut down triglyceride degrees by 0.18 mmol/L ( 95 % CI 0.07 to 0.30 mmol/L ; 4 surveies ) compared to placebo-treated patients.8 II. Adverse effects Common side effects observed during sibutramine intervention are concern, dry oral cavity, irregularity, and insomnia. It besides causes a dose-related addition in blood force per unit area. The average addition in blood force per unit area was found to be about 2mm Hg systolic and diastolic at the 15 milligram dosage. Although the consequence is modest, it has been estimated that a 2mm Hg alteration in diastolic blood force per unit area can increase the hazard of coronary bosom disease by 6 % and the hazard of shot by 15 % .11 In the same Cochrane reappraisal as above, sibutramine was found to hold increased systolic blood force per unit area by 1.7mmHg ( 95 % CI 0.1 to 3.3 millimeters Hg ; 7 surveies ) , diastolic blood force per unit area by 2.4 millimeters Hg ( 95 % CI 1.5 to 3.3 millimeters Hg ; 7 surveies ) and pulse rate by 4.5 beats/min ( 95 % CI 3.5 to 5.6 beats/min ; 7 surveies ) compared to placebo. 8 Recently the European Medicines Agency ( EMA ) completed a reappraisal on sibutramine on a big clinical test to see whether the cardiovascular hazards of sibutramine outweigh its benefits. The SCOUT test carried out was a randomized, dual blind, placebo controlled survey in which about 10,000 corpulent and fleshy patients with cardiovascular disease and/or type 2 diabetes were treated for over 6 old ages. Consequences showed that patients had a 16 % increased hazard of cardiovascular inauspicious events such as myocardial infarction and shot compared with placebo treated patients ( hazard ratio 1 ·161 [ 95 % CI 1 ·029-1 ·311 ] ; p=0 ·016 ) . Furthermore, silbutramine decreased organic structure weight by about 2 4 kilogram more than placebo which may non be maintained after halting. Therefore this test concluded that the benefit of sibutramine as a weight loss assistance does non outweigh the cardiovascular hazards doing sibutramine to be SUSPENDED from the market until farther tests have been carried out.12 Although surveies in this Cochrane reappraisal showed a positive intervention consequence, morbidity and mortality end points is considered to be an of import step, as a favorable benefit/risk ratio of antiobesity drugs which cause weight loss may non better results for long term intervention of obesity.8 FUTURE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT Current available antiobesity drugs are modestly effectual, nevertheless they may be associated with unacceptable and life endangering inauspicious effects. As a consequence there is a turning demand for pharmaceutical companies to happen effectual, safe and good tolerated antiobesity drugs. In this subdivision we will look at the possible molecular marks for antiobesity drugs in assorted phases of the presymptomatic and clinical development. As discussed above, fleshiness arises as a consequence of how the organic structure regulates energy intake/absorption, energy outgo and energy storage. The size of organic structure fat shops hence is determined by the net balance between energy consumption and outgo over an drawn-out period of clip. The energy consumption and energy outgo can be used as an attack to develop new antiobesity drugs. ( Table 3 ) 13 Appetite or repletion are usually influenced by peripheral signal by direct effects on certain countries of the encephalon or by indirect effects via the pneumogastric nervus, or both. The signals usually originate from the adipose tissue ( adiposeness signals ) or the GI piece of land ( repletion signals ) . Leptin which is an adiposity signal is chiefly responsible for the long-run ordinance of energy balance whereas repletion signals are usually involved in the short-run ordinance from GI piece of land. The different signals are integrated in the hypothalamus and can besides modulate each other s efficaciousness and sensitivity.14 Leptin being the most of import adiposeness signal Acts of the Apostless on specific receptors in the hypothalamus and the rhombencephalon. In the hypothalamus, leptin receptor activation leads to the stimulation of nerve cells incorporating pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript every bit good as the suppression of nerve cells bring forthing neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) and Agouti-related protein. The downstream pathways besides plays an of import function in the ordinance of energy balance. Activation of hypothalamic melanocortin-4 receptors leads to appetite suppression. Amongst other GI endocrines, ghrelin, which is produced from the tummy, is the lone appetite-stimulating peptide. Ghrelin acts straight on NPY nerve cells in the hypothalamus but besides through the pneumogastric sensory nerves. Several enteric peptides such as cholecystokinin ( CCK ) , pancreatic polypeptide ( PP ) and glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) are known to increase repletion during and after a repast. 14 Besides that, peptide YY and oxyntomodulin are besides thought to act upon repletion by chiefly moving on the hypothalamus. POTENTIAL FUTURE THERAPY FOR OBESITY 1. Cardinal targets/ hypothalamic Mediators. I. Leptin Leptin is a endocrine which is released from the adipocytes that conveys message of energy handiness to the hypothalamus. Leptin lack leads to severe fleshiness. It acts by agencies of its receptor to trip a Janus kinase/ signal transduction and interlingual rendition ( JAK/STAT ) system, which finally leads to the reduced look of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) , a powerful appetency stimulation, and increased look of anorectic neuropeptides.15 Leptin generated a batch of intense involvement as a possible therapy nevertheless no agonists of leptin receptors are presently in clinical development since it has shown dissatisfactory consequences in certain tests carried out in corpulent patients which is thought to be caused by leptin opposition found in most of these patients.16 However, mechanisms involved in the development of leptin opposition could go possible mark for future drug development. II. Neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) After the failure of in obesity drug development, the tracts downstream of leptin e.g. NPY and melanocortins became a focal point in the drug find. Decreased encephalon leptin/insulin activity may excite NPY/AgRP axis and conversely decrease POMC/CART axis, therefore taking to an addition in feeding and lessening in energy outgo therefore advancing weight addition. However, farther development of NPY adversaries decreased after several surveies carried out in smasher mice. Surveies showed neither the riddance of NPY nor that of its of import receptor subtypes, NPY 1 or NPY 5, resulted in a thin phenotype.17 These observations concluded NPY adversaries as an uneffective curative attack to fleshiness. III. Melanocortins Surveies and clinical tests showed that melanocortin system plays an of import function in the ordinance of energy balance. Break of melanocortin system in genetically modified mice either by extinguishing the endogenous agonist a-MSH, by over showing its endogenous adversary AgRP, or by strike harding out the MC-4 receptor, resulted in obesity.18 Mutation of the MC-4 receptor in worlds led to the most frequent signifier of fleshiness which was accounted for up to 5 % of all terrible cases.19 Besides its consequence in decrease of nutrient consumption, MC-4 receptor agonists besides increased blood force per unit area and bosom rate, and these effects can non be separated from that of appetency reduction.20 Recent surveies have shown that signalling tracts appear to diverge downstream of the MC-4 receptor, therefore these tracts could be attractive mark for selective pharmacological effects. 2.Central targets/ Gut Hormones. I. Peptide YY ( PYY ) PYY decreases nutrient consumption which is thought to move at NPY Y2 receptors in the encephalon. Unlike leptin, PYY degrees are lower in corpulent patients ( i.e. no opposition ) hence could be an attractive mark. PYY-36 which is release in response to a repast in the big bowel, is considered to be the chief circulating signifier of PYY.21 This endocrine can non be administered orally because of its proteinaceousnature. Currently, Phase II tests have been carried out at Nastech to prove its suitableness for intranasal bringing, nevertheless its appetite-lowering efficaciousness in patients is still doubted. II. Ghrelin Ghrelin is produced in the tummy, bowel, pituitary and perchance hypothalamus and may trip the growing endocrine secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin secernment increased during starvation additions nutrient consumption. Adversaries or reverse agonists of ghrelin receptors can be of import marks to cut down the frequence of meals.22 Ghrelin antagonist GHS- R1a is presently in development and is orally available. Clinical tests are being carried out to demo whether it causes weight loss. III. GLP -1 GLP-1 is known to increase insulin secernment while diminishing glucagon secernment. It besides delays stomachic voidance and reduces nutrient intake ensuing in an betterment in diabetic patient s blood glucose degrees. Therefore GLP -1 parallel like exenatide is another utile agent for patients with fleshiness. However GLP-1 is quickly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl protease IV ( DPP IV ) hence inhibitors of DPP IV like vildagliptin may be usage in fleshy patients, nevertheless the extent to which weight loss is achieved with DPP-IV remains ill-defined compared to GLP -1 injectable parallels. 23 3.Peripheral targets/ Energy Expenditure. Increasing energy outgo through physical activity or by diminishing energy consumption is of import in accomplishing weight decrease in corpulent patients. ? 3 Adrenergic agonists may increase heat production by increasing the look of decoupling protein 1 ( UCP 1 ) through effects on fat cell chondriosomes and therefore cut downing organic structure fat.24 Early on clinical tests have suggested hapless selectivity of A ; szlig ; 3 receptor agonists therefore exciting other amp ; szlig ; receptors including A ; szlig ; 1 receptors in the bosom ensuing in increased bosom rate. No drug so far has progressed beyond stage II tests, nevertheless surveies are still being carried on to seek for selective agents that can increase fatty acerb oxidization in adipose tissue while avoiding cardiovascular side effects.24 Decision With a high increasing figure of clinical tests carried out, the limited compounds in the market shows that the hunt for antiobesity agent is really hard. Presently most of the research concentrates on the development of drugs which cut down energy consumption by aiming appetite suppression or diminishing enteric lipid soaking up. As the attempt to increase energy outgo does non look to be effectual, the following possible purpose is to diminish energy storage by straight aiming adipose tissue. Presently, long term weight decrease can merely be achieved by lifestyle alterations every bit good as increase physical activity and dietetic steps. Although it is really hard for patients to keep it, it is the best manner in the long tally as it reduces hazard of morbidity and mortality from fleshiness related diseases. 25